??????????：????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????
????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????: ??????? ??????????????, ????????? ??????????????, ??? ??? ??????????????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???, ????- ????????, ?????, ??? ??????? ?????????????
1. ??????? ??????: ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???, ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??:
1.1 ?????? ???????: ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????
- ????? ????????: ?????? ?????? (????, ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??) ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????
- ???????? ????: ??????? ????, ???????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? (????????? ??????) ??? ?????????? (?????? ??????) ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?Quartz ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????
- ??? ?????:
- ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???, ????????, ??? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??%-??% ???? ??%-?? ???? ?????? ????
- ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????
- Advantages: ?? ????, ?? ????? ???, ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????)?
1.2 Flotation: “Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic” Separation of Fine Valuable Minerals
- ????? ????????: ?????? (???????? ??? ???????) ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????
- ???????? ????????: ????, ???, ?????, ?????????, ????, ???? ??? ???????? ???????-????? (???????
- ??? ?????:
- ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????: ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?.?%-?.?% ???? ???? ??%-??% ????? ?????? ?????? ????
- ?????? ?????? ??????????: ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???, ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????
- Advantages: ???? ???????????? ?????? (?????????? ??? ??% ?? ????), ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????
- Disadvantages: ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????
?.? ??????? ??????: ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????
- ????? ????????: ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????
- ???????? ????????: ????? (??????? ??? ??? ???? ???), ????????, ???, ???????????, ????? ??? 0.074 ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
- ??? ?????:
- ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? 95% ?? ???? ?????????? ???
- ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? 70%-80% ?????-??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????
- Advantages: ??? ????????? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???, ??? ???????????
- Disadvantages: ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????
1.4 ????????? ???????: ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???
- ????? ????????: ??????? ????????? (????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???, ??????????? ??? ??) ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????
- ???????? ????????: ???? ???????????, ???????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? (????, ????/????/????? ??????????? ???? ?-??????? ????? ?????? ???) ??????? ????
- ??? ?????:
- ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????????: ???????, ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?-????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????
- ??????????? ?????????: ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????
- Advantages: ???? ??????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????
- Disadvantages: ????????? ????? ????????? (??????? ????????), ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????
2. Chemical Beneficiation: The “Last Resort” for Difficult Ores
??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? (????, ?????????? ore, ???? ???????), ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???, ???????:
2.1 Leaching: “Dissolution and Extraction” of Metal Ions
- ????? ????????: ??????? ????????? ?????? (???????, ?????????, ?? ????? ??????) ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? (PLS) ???????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? (????, ??????, ??????????, ?? ?????????Winning)?
- ???????? ????????: ???? (???????????), ??????, ???? (??? ?????), ?????, ???????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
- ??? ??????:
- Gold Cyanidation: Finely ground ore is mixed with a cyanide solution; gold forms a soluble complex and is later precipitated with zinc powder (recovery ≥90%). Cyanide pollution must be strictly controlled.
- ????? ??? ?????: ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? (?.?% - ?.?% ????) ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???; ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????????? (SX-EW) ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? (?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????)?
2.2 ???????-????? ??????? ??????????
- ????? ????????: Ore is first roasted at high temperatures (300-1000°C) to alter its structure (e.g., oxidizing or reducing roast), converting refractory metals into a soluble form for subsequent leaching.
- ???????? ????????: ??????????? ??????? (????, ????? ???????, ???? ???????) ??? ??????? ?? (????, ????????)?
- Case Study:
- ????? ??????? ???????: ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???, ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????, ????????? ????????? ???????.
- ????????????? ????? ?? ???????: ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??????? ???????? (?? As?O? ?????? ??????? ???) ??? ?????? (?? ?????? ???? ???? ????) ?????? ????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ???.
2.3 ????????????? ?????????????: ?????-????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????
- Principle: Certain microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) metabolically oxidize metal sulfides into soluble metal salts, enabling metal recovery from solution—also known as bioleaching.
- ???????? ????????: ??-????? ???? (????, ?????????? ????), ??????????, ?????, ???? (???? ?????? ?????? ??????)?
- Advantages: ???????????? (??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???), ?? ??? (??????????????? ??????????? ???), 0.1%-0.3% ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????
- Disadvantages: ?????? ???????????? ????? (?????? ???? ???), ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
- ????? ???????: ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? 20% ?????? ????????? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????
?. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?-???? ??? ?????????
3.1 ?????? ????????? ???????? ????:
- Magnetic minerals (e.g., magnetite) → Magnetic separation
- Fine particles with hydrophobicity differences (e.g., copper ores) → Flotation
- Coarse particles with high density (e.g., placer gold, tungsten) → Gravity separation
3.2 ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????:
- High-grade coarse ores → Gravity or magnetic separation (low cost)
- Low-grade fine ores → Flotation or leaching (high recovery)
- Extremely refractory ores → Chemical or bio-beneficiation
3.3 ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???:
- ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????
- ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???-???? ???????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? weighing ????
???????
?????? ???