???????：????? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ????????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????.
???????, ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???, ???? ?????????? ??????? ???, ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???.
?? ????????? ????????????, ??? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? "???????? ????" ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.
????? ???? ??????
???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ????? (???????) ?????? ????? ????. ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??, ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????:
???????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? 80% ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???, ? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.
????????????? (CuFeS?)
?????: ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????
???? ??????:??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??.
???????? (Cu?FeS?)
?????: ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
???? ??????:???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??; ??Second? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????.
?????????? (Cu2S)
?????: ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????
???? ??????:??? ???????? 79.9% ??????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??.
??????? (CuS)
?????: ???????-???? ?????
???? ??????:?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????
??????? ???uz
???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????, ???????????? "????????? ???" ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????
????????? (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
?????: ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????.
???? ??????:??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????.
??????? (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2)
?????: ?????? ????-???? ???????? ?????? ??, ?????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ??????:?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???
【???????????】
?????: ????? ??? ????-????? ????????
???? ??????:??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????
?????????? (Cu?O)
?????: ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
???? ??????:??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????
???????? (CuO)
?????: ????? ???, ???????????? ?? ????; ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??.
???? ??????:??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??.
????? ?? ????? ????????
??????? ???? ??????????, ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? "???? ?????, ??????? ?????????" ???????. 2024 ?? ???, ??????? ???????? ~22.36 ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ~980 ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? 10 ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? 75% ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ? ??? ???? ???? ????? 19%; ??? ??????? (????, ????, DRC) ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??. ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??.
????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? (USGS 2024, ???: 10,000 ???)
| ??????? | ??/ ???????? | 2023 ?????????? | 2024 ???????? | ??????? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ?????? | 550.7 (23.9%) | 530 (23.0%) | 19,000 (19%) |
| 2 | ????? ????? | 284 (12.3%) | 330 (14.3%) | 3,100 (3.5%) |
| 3 | ???? | 273.6 (11.9%) | 260 (11.3%) | 7,700 (8.8%) |
| 4 | ???? | 180 (7.8%) | 180 (7.8%) | 2,600 (2.9%) |
| 5 | ???????????? | 110 (4.8%) | 110 (4.8%) | 2,400 (2.7%) |
| 6 | ?????? ?????? ????? | 110 (4.8%) | 110 (4.8%) | 4,800 (5.5%) |
| 7 | ?????? | 93 (4.0%) | 93 (4.0%) | 7,700 (8.8%) |
| 8 | ??????????? | 80 (3.5%) | 80 (3.5%) | 9,300 (10%) |
| 9 | ??????????? | 74 (3.2%) | 74 (3.2%) | 2,400 |
| 10 | ???????? | 70 (3.0%) | 70 (3.0%) | 5,300 (6.1%) |
???????? ??????? ?????? (WGC 2024, ???: ????? 10,000)
| ??????? | ??/ ???????? | 2024 ???????? | 2024 ??????? |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ????? ????? | 330 | 3,100 |
| 2 | ???????? | 74 | 2,100-3,500 |
| 3 | ????? ?????? } | ? ????? | 600 |
| 4 | ???????? | ????????????? 3?? ??? | 500 |
| 5 | ???????? | ~2 | 60-100 |
| 6 | ?????????? | ≈1.5 | 30-50 |
| 7 | ?????? | 1.5 | 20-30 |
| 8 | ????????? | ~1 | 20-30 |
????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????
????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ESG ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????.
??????
?????? ????ego ???????????? ????? ????????
?????:
???? ??????? ???????, ???????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????.
??????? ?????????????:
- ?????? ?????????:???????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????.
- ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????.
- ?? ???????/?? ??????? ???????:?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????.
- ?????:???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????.
- ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? 2D/3D ????? ?????.
????? ?????? ??????:
?????? ?????? / ???? ???????.
2. ??????? ????? ?? ???????
?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????
?????:
??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????.
??????? ?????????????:
- ?????? ?????? ???????:?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????.
- ???? ?? ????? ??????????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.
- ????? ????????:??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? (????? ????/????? ????). ???????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????.
- ????? ??????:??????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?? Overburden ????.
?????????:
?????????? ????? ???????, ???????? ??????
3. ?????????
???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????
?????:
?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????.
??????? ?????????????:
?????????:??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???, ???????? ????, ?????, ??????, ????, ????? ???????, ??????????? ??????.
?????? ??????:?????? ????????????, ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (TSF).
???? ?? ??? ????????????
- ??????? ???? ?? ????, ??????, ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????.
- ?????? ??? ??????, ?????????????, ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????.
- ??? ????? ????????: ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????.
- ?? ????????: ???/??? ??? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????.
?????????:
???? ??? ???? plant ??.Clock.
4. ???????? ?? ??????
?????????-?????? ???????? ?????
?????:
????????, ?????, ?????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????
??????? ?????????????:
???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????
- 钻孔与爆破：碎裂岩石以便挖掘。
- 装载与运输：通过挖掘机/卡车运输矿石到工厂。
?????????:????????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ?????, ???? ?????, ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? (?????? ????????, ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ???? ?????) ????? ?????.
????????? ??????:????????? ???????, ???????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????.
质量控制：??????? ?????, ??????????? ????????, ?? ????????; ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????: ??????????, ??????, ??????? ?????, ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????.
5. ???????????? ?? ????????????
??? ?????????? ?????
?????????:
???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????.
?????:
??????, ???????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????????.
??????? ?????????????:
- ???????? ???????????:????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????/???????/??????.
- ???????? ???????:??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????.
- ??????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?transport????/?????/??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???.
?????????:
?????? ???????
6. ??????? ????????? ?? ESG
???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????????
?????:
???????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????.
??????? ?????????????:
- ?????? ???????: ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? (TSF) ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
- TSF ?????????:????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????; ? ????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????.
- ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????.
- ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???, ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? TSF ????? ???????? ??? ?????.
???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????
??????? ?? ??????? ??????? 90% ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??.
???????? ?????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?????? ???)
????????:
???????? ????????? (??????????????, ???????, ???????????) ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????????? 80% ??aké??????? ???? ????.
???????:
???? ????? defectiveDifferences in mineral surface properties using reagents to make target minerals hydrophobic for bubble attachment.
??????????? ?????????:
- ??? ???? ????? ?????/???? ?????? ???????? ?????????
- 2. ????? Cu ?????????
- 3. ????????????: ???? ??? ????? ????????
- 4. ?????? ?????????: ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????
- 5. ??????: ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????
????? ????? ?????? (Hydrometallurgy)
????????:???????? ????????????, ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.
???????:??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? (????????? ??? ???????? H?SO?), ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
????:??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ???? ???: ???? ???? ??, ?????-?????
??????????? ?????????:
- ??????? ??????: ??????? ?? ???? ????????
- 2. ??? ?????: ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????
- 3. ??????? ????????: SX-EW ????????? ????? ????? ??????????
????????????? ???? ?????
????????:??????? ?????? Cu ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????
???????:????????/???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????????
????:??????? ???? ???????: ????? ???????, ??? ????
??????????? ?????????:
- 1. ?????: ??????, ??????? ???????, ??????
- 2. ???? ?????: ?? ???? → ???? → ??????? ?????.
- ??pper ????????????? ???????: ????? ??????? ?????.
???????-??????? ?????????? ?????
????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????:
????? ???? ?????:
??????? ???? ??????? ?????? Cu ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????
??? ?????????:
???? ??? ?????? ???, Ag, Mo ??? ???? ????????
??????? ???????:
?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????
??? ???????????:
??????????????? ?????? ???? impact ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????
??????? ????????? ?????????
????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
??????—?????????—?????? ?????
??????? ????:
- ??? ????? ???????
- Operation cost is lower than thermometallurgy
- ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????
- ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????
- ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????.
????????
??????? ???????