?????????：???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????????.
???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????: ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????.
1. ?????? ????? ???????: ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????
???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? хим???? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????:
1.1 ????? ????????: ????? meta?????????? ?????? ??????
- ????? ??????: ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? (?.??., ???????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ????????? ????) ???????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????.
- Applicable Metals: ?????????? ???????, ???????????, ??????? ???????????. ????????? ????????????? (???????? ?????????) ??????? ???????????? (???????? ?????????)???? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????????????.
- Key Applications:
- ???????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ????????? ???????????? 25%-30% ??? ??????? 65%-???? ???? ?????????????????.
- ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????.
- Advantages: ??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? (??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????).
1.2 Flotation: “Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic” Separation of Fine Valuable Minerals
- ????? ??????: ?????????? (?????????????? ??????????) ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????. ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????.
- ????????????? ?????????: ?????, ?????????, ??????, ???????????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ???? (???????
- Key Applications:
- ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????: ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, 0.3%-0.5% ???? ????? 20%-25% ???????? ?????????? ????????????????.
- ?????? ????????????? ??????: ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ? concentrates???? ????????, ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
- Advantages: ???? ?????? ????? (?????? ?????????? 90% ???? ?????), ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????.
- Disadvantages: ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????.
1.3 ???????? ???????????????: ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????
- ????? ??????: ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???ав?та? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????.
- ????????????? ?????????: ?????? (??????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????), ?????, ???, ??????????, ????????? 0.074 mm?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????.
- Key Applications:
- ??????? ?????? ??????? 95% ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????????.
- ?????????? ??????? ???????????????ORE ??? ??????????? ?????? 70%-80% ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????.
- Advantages: ???? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ???? ??????????.
- Disadvantages: Low recovery for fine particles and minerals with small density differences.
1.4 ???????? ????????: ??????? ?????????????? conductivity ??????????? ??????????????
- ????? ??????: ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? (????????????????, ???? ????????? ????????????, ????????????? ????????) ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????.
- ????????????? ?????????: ??????????, ??? ??????,zirconium, tantalum ??????? niobium ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (???????????????: ???-??????????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ?????, ???????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????).
- Key Applications:
- ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????: ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????.
- ????????? ????????????????: tungsten ???????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????.
- Advantages: ??????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ????? ???????????? ?????.
- Disadvantages: ????????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????.
2. Chemical Beneficiation: The “Last Resort” for Difficult Ores
??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? (?.??., ?????????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????), ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???????????????? ????tructures-? ??????????, ?????????:
2.1 Leaching: “Dissolution and Extraction” of Metal Ions
- ????? ??????: ????????? ?????? ??????????????? (??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????) ????????, ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????? (PLS) ???????, ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? (???, ???????????, ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????).
- ????????????? ?????????: ?????? (?????????), ??????, ???????????????? (?????? ???????????), ???????, ???????????, ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????.
- ??? ?????:
- Gold Cyanidation: Finely ground ore is mixed with a cyanide solution; gold forms a soluble complex and is later precipitated with zinc powder (recovery ≥90%). Cyanide pollution must be strictly controlled.
- ??????? ???? ????????: ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (0.2%-0.5% Cu) ?????????? ?????? ???????????????; ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? (SX-EW) ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? (??????? ?????????? ?????????).
2.2 ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????
- ????? ??????: Ore is first roasted at high temperatures (300-1000°C) to alter its structure (e.g., oxidizing or reducing roast), converting refractory metals into a soluble form for subsequent leaching.
- ????????????? ?????????: ???????????????? ?????? ????????? (???: ??????? ???????????, ?????? ???????????) ??????? ??????? ????????? (???: ??????????).
- ???? ?????:
- ??????? ??????????? ?????????: ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????, ??????????? ????????????? ????????????.
- ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????: ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????, ????????? ?????????????? ????????? (As?O? ?? ???????) ??????? ????????? (??? ???????? ??????????) ???????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????????????????.
2.3 ??????????? ?????: ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????
- Principle: Certain microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) metabolically oxidize metal sulfides into soluble metal salts, enabling metal recovery from solution—also known as bioleaching.
- ????????????? ?????????: ??????? ?? ????????????? (?.??., ????????? ?????????????), ?????????, ???????, ?????? (???? ??????? ????).
- Advantages: ????????????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????), ??????? ?????? (???????? ???-????????), 0.1%-0.3% ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ????????.
- Disadvantages: ????????? ????????? ???????? (???????? ????? ????????), ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????.
- ?????? ????????: ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 20% ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????, ???????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????.
3. ?????????? ??????? ????????????? 3-?????? ?????????? ??????
3.1 ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????:
- Magnetic minerals (e.g., magnetite) → Magnetic separation
- Fine particles with hydrophobicity differences (e.g., copper ores) → Flotation
- Coarse particles with high density (e.g., placer gold, tungsten) → Gravity separation
3.2 ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????:
- High-grade coarse ores → Gravity or magnetic separation (low cost)
- Low-grade fine ores → Flotation or leaching (high recovery)
- Extremely refractory ores → Chemical or bio-beneficiation
3.3 ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????:
- ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????
- ???? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????
?????????????
?????? ?????????