???????：????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????.
???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????: ?????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ???-???????. ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????, ???: ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????.
1. ????? ????????: ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????
????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????.?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????:
1.1 ?????? ????: ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????
- ???????? ??????: ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? (???: ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????) ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????.
- ?????????? ??????: ????????? ?????, ????????, ????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? (??????????? ???????) ????? ???????????? (???????? ???????) ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ???? Non-metallic ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????.
- ?????? ??????????:
- ????? ????? ???????? ????????? 25%-30% ????? 65% ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????????.
- ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????.
- Advantages: ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? (??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????).
1.2 Flotation: “Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic” Separation of Fine Valuable Minerals
- ???????? ??????: ????????? (???????? ????? ?????????) ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????. ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????.
- ?????????? ???????: ?????, ????, ?????, ??????????, ??????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? (?????????
- ?????? ??????????:
- ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????: ??????? ????? ????????? 0.3%-0.5% Cu ????? 20%-25% ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????.
- ????????? ?????? ??????????: ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????.
- Advantages: ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (?????????? ?????? 90% ????), ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????.
- Disadvantages: ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????.
1.3?????? ?????: ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????
- ???????? ??????: ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? πυκ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????.
- ?????????? ???????: ?????? (??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????), ??????????, ????, ?????????, ???????? 0.074 ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
- ?????? ??????????:
- ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? 95% ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????.
- ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? 70%-80% ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????.
- Advantages: ? ??????? ???????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????.
- Disadvantages: ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.
1.4 ???????????????? ?????: ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????
- ???????? ??????: ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? (????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????) ?? ????-???????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????.
- ?????????? ???????: ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? (????????, ????????, ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????) ????????????? ???? ??????????? (????????, ?????/????/????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????) ?????????????? ????????????.
- ?????? ??????????:
- ??????? ??????? ???? ?/materials: ???????????, ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????-????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????.
- ?????????????? ?????????: ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????????.
- Advantages: ?????? ???????? ??????????, ? ????? ????????? ????.
- Disadvantages: ???? ????????? ???????????? (???????? ????? ???????? ?????), ?????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????.
2. Chemical Beneficiation: The “Last Resort” for Difficult Ores
????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? (???: ??????? ???????, ????????? ?????????), ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????, ????????????:
2.1 Leaching: “Dissolution and Extraction” of Metal Ions
- ???????? ??????: ?? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???? ????????? (PLS)?? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? (?????, ??????, ???? ????? ???????????)?? ????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? (????????, ???? ????????, ??????????, ???? ??????????????? ??????) ????????????????.
- ?????????? ???????: ??????? (?????????), ?????????, ????? (???? ???? ?????), ??????, ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ????????.
- ???? ?????:
- Gold Cyanidation: Finely ground ore is mixed with a cyanide solution; gold forms a soluble complex and is later precipitated with zinc powder (recovery ≥90%). Cyanide pollution must be strictly controlled.
- ???? ???? ??????: ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? (0.2%-0.5% Cu) ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????; ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? (SX-EW) ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????? (?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????????).
2.2 ?????????-??????? ????? ????????
- ???????? ??????: Ore is first roasted at high temperatures (300-1000°C) to alter its structure (e.g., oxidizing or reducing roast), converting refractory metals into a soluble form for subsequent leaching.
- ?????????? ???????: ??????? ????????? (????????, ?????? ???????, ????? ???????) ????? ??????? ??????? (????????, ???????).
- ???? ?????:
- ????? ??????? ?????????: ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????.
- ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????: ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????????? ????????? (As?O? ?? ????) ????? ??????? (????? ???????????) ?? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????????.
2.3 ??????????? ????????: ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????
- Principle: Certain microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) metabolically oxidize metal sulfides into soluble metal salts, enabling metal recovery from solution—also known as bioleaching.
- ?????????? ???????: ?????? ???????? ????? (???: ???????? ?????), ????????, ??????, ?????? (?????? ???????? ????????).
- Advantages: ???????? ????????? (?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????), ?????? ?? (???????? ?????-????????????????), 0.1%-0.3% ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????.
- Disadvantages: ??????? ??????????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ????), ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????.
- ?????? ?????????: ??????????? 20% ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.
3. ????? ???????? ????? ????????? 3-????? ??????
3.1 ???? ????????? ?????????????:
- Magnetic minerals (e.g., magnetite) → Magnetic separation
- Fine particles with hydrophobicity differences (e.g., copper ores) → Flotation
- Coarse particles with high density (e.g., placer gold, tungsten) → Gravity separation
3.2 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????:
- High-grade coarse ores → Gravity or magnetic separation (low cost)
- Low-grade fine ores → Flotation or leaching (high recovery)
- Extremely refractory ores → Chemical or bio-beneficiation
3.3 ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????:
- ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????
- ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????
????
????????? ???????