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I?eduro: Agbey?wo irin j? igbes? pataki ni ile-i?? iwakusa, ti o ni ero lati ya aw?n ohun alum?ni irin ti o niyelori lati inu gangue da lori aw?n iyat? ohun-ini ara tabi kemikali w?n.

I??? ¨¤t¨²n?e ore irin j?? ¨¬gb¨¦s?? p¨¤t¨¤k¨¬ n¨ªn¨² ¨¬l??s¨ªw¨¢j¨² y¨ªy¨¤, t¨ª ¨® n doj¨² k?? l¨¢ti y¨¤ ¨¤won ew¨¦ko irin t¨® w¨²l¨° k¨²r¨° n¨ªn¨² ¨¤w??t?? ohun t¨ª a m?? s¨ª gangue g??g?? b¨ª ¨¬y¨¤t?? ¨¤w?n ohun-¨¨l¨° ti ara w?n t¨¤b¨ª kemikali. ?w?n ?na ¨¤t¨²n?e t¨® w??p?? j¨´l? l¨¨ pin s¨ª m?ta: ¨¤t¨²n?e ti ara, ¨¤t¨²n?e kemikali, ¨¤ti ¨¤t¨²n?e ??d¨¢. N¨ªn¨² ¨¤w?n y¨¬¨ª, ¨¤t¨²n?e ti ara ni a ?e ¨¤fih¨¤n j¨´l? n¨ªtor¨ª ¨¬y¨¤t?? ow¨® r? ¨¤ti if?w?sow?p?? ay¨¦. Yiyan ilana ¨¤t¨²n?e t¨® y? da lori ¨¤nf¨¤n¨ª ¨¤fih¨¤n ti ew¨¦ko irin t¨® j?? ¨¬d¨ª, b¨ªi ¨¤t??ka, ¨¤k¨®b¨¢, ¨¤ti ¨¬b¨¢?ep?? omi ¨¤y¨ªk¨¢.

1. I??? ¨¬m¨²ra ??d¨¢: ?t?k¨¤nw¨¢ K¨¦k¨¨k¨¦ f¨²n ?p??r? Il¨¦-??¨¨p?? Gbooro

?m¨²ra ??d¨¢ y¨¤ aw?n ¨¨r¨° aye l??t?? l¨¢¨¬ ?i?¨¤t¨²n?e ohun ¨¨l¨° kemikali w?n, n¨ªgb¨¤ t¨ª ¨® da l¨¨h¨¬n ¨¤t?k¨¤nw¨¢ ¨¤¨¬m?ye ninu ¨¤w?n ohun-¨¨l¨°. ?na y¨¬¨ª j?? k¨ª ¨® d¨¢ra f¨²n ??p??l?p?? ¨¤w?n irin ¨¨r¨° aye t¨ª a l¨¨ ya k¨²r¨° ni r??run. ?w?n m?rin ?k¨¤n?d? ¨¬m¨²ra ??d¨¢ ni:

1.1 Iya K¨¢ng¨¤: Ipa ?fih¨¤n ¨¤w?n Metal K¨¢ng¨¤

• Ilana m??t¨¤:Lo iyat?? ninu magnetism ¨¨r¨° aye (e.g., magnetite n¨ª ¨¤fiy¨¨s¨ª s¨ª il?? magneti, n¨ªgb¨¤ t¨ª ¨¤w?n ¨¨r¨° aye ¨¤¨¬magneti k¨¬ ¨ª ?e b????) l¨¢ti ya k¨¢ng¨¤ k¨²r¨° ¨¤ti aw?n ¨¨r¨° aye ¨¤¨¬magneti.
• Aw?n irin ti o wulo: Pataki jul? ni ir?, manganese, ati aw?n okun chromium. Pataki jul? ni ?i?? fun magnetite (magnetiki ti o lagbara) ati pyrrhotite (magnetiki ti o d¨ªn). Tun lo lati y? aw?n idoti ir? kuro ninu aw?n okun alaimetaliki g?g?bi iyanrin quartz.
• Aw?n ohun elo pataki:
  • Aw?n ?gbin igbesoke ?ra ir? lo ?i?an yiyan magnetiki ti roughing, cleaning, ati scavenging lati mu akoonu ir? lati 25%-30% si ju 65% l?.
  • Aw?n okun magnetiki ti o d¨ªn g?g?bi hematite ni a k?k? pa lati yipada w?n si magnetite ?aaju yiyan magnetiki.
• ?w?n anfani: Aw?n idoti kekere, iwuwo agbara kekere, ati agbara processing nla (aw?n apakan iyipo ?ni k??kan le mu aw?n ton eefin ?gb?run ?e ni ?j? kan).

1.2 F?t???n: ¡°Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic¡± Iyanj? ti Aw?n Aw?n ohun alumo ti o ni iye kekere

• Ilana m??t¨¤:Aw?-?ra (aw?n olokun ati aw?n frothers) ni a fi kun lati j? ki ?y?-?ra metal ti a n fojusi j? hydrophobic. Aw?n paati w?nyi ni o ni ibatan si aw?n baluu af?f? ati nyara si oju bi froth, nigba ti aw?n ohun alum¨® ti kii ?e ti a fojusi wa ninu pulp.
• Aw?n ?k? ay?wo ti o wulo:I??, ewuro, zinc, molybdenum, goolu, fadaka, ati aw?n ohun alum¨® p?lu ir?run kekere (ni igbagbogbo
• Aw?n ohun elo pataki:
  • Ilana bo?ewa fun iwara ofeefee: Igb?s? sulfide ofeefee n mu iwara lati 0.3%-0.5% Cu si 20%-25% idap? ofeefee.
  • Igb¨¦ ¨¤y??w¨° w¨ªw?? ¨¤k¨²nya: F¨²n w¨²r¨¤ t¨ª a t¨²m?? s¨ª i d¨¢ra, ¨¬r¨´k?? ¨¤k??k?? fi w¨¤ s¨ª i n¨ª ¨¤k¨²nya sulfide, t¨ª ¨® ¨½ d¨ªn ¨ªn¨ª cyanide k¨´ n¨ª ??ka cyanidation t¨® ¨½ b??.
• ?w?n anfani: Iw?n iyat? giga (o?uw?n imularada ju 90%), munadoko fun aw?n ?k? ay?k?l? polymetallic to nira.
• ?w?n ¨¤¨¬p¨¦: I?edop? ti aw?n agbo ogun kemikali nilo it?ju omi is?nu.

1.3 Ipin iyat?: Lo iyat? iwuwo lati gba aw?n irin metals ti o wuwo to tobi.

• Ilana m??t¨¤:Separation agbara nlo iyato iwuwo laarin ??????? metali to wuwo ati aw?n gangue ti o f??r? ni aaye gravitational tabi centrifugal.
• Aw?n ?k? ay?wo ti o wulo:Wura (placer ati lode coarse particles), tungsten, tin, antimony, paapaa aw?n patikulu coarse ti o tobi ju 0.074 mm.
• Aw?n ohun elo pataki:
  • I?el?p? wura placer lo sluices ati aw?n tabili wiggling lati gba wura adayeba p?lu di? ? sii ju 95% pada.
  • Tungsten ati tin ores n?akoso separation agbara bi igbese roughing lati y?kuro 70%-80% ti gangue iwuwo kekere ?aaju flotation.
• ?w?n anfani: K¨° si idoti kemikali, idiyele ti o l?p?l?p?, ?r? ti o r?run.
• ?w?n ¨¤¨¬p¨¦: Owo ¨¤t¨²n?e fun aw?n patikulu to dara ati aw?n mineral p?lu aw?n iyat? ibi didan kekere.

1.4 Pipin Electrostatic: Lilo Aw?n iyat? Ni Iwadi fun Aw?n Irin Pataki

• Ilana m??t¨¤:Pipin aw?n mineral da lori aw?n iyat? ni ibara?nis?r? ina (e.g., aw?n mineral irin n ?e, aw?n ti kii ?e irin ko ?e) ninu agbegbe ipele giga, nibiti aw?n mineral ti o ni ibara?nis?r? n fa si tabi n f?w?sow?p? nipas? aw?n eletrode.
• Aw?n ?k? ay?wo ti o wulo:Pato ni a lo fun pinpin aw?n mineral irin to nira g?g?bi titanium, zirconium, tantalum, ati niobium, tabi fun mim? aw?n if?kansi (e.g., yiy? aw?n gangue ti ko ni ibara?nis?r? lati aw?n if?kansi k¨°p? / ¨¤w?n ¨¤d¨¢ / zinc).
• Aw?n ohun elo pataki:
  • Iyas?t? titanium lati inu eroja etikun: Ni Hainan, iyas?t? eleturostati y?kuro ilmenite ti o ni agbara lati ?d? quartz ti ko ni agbara.
  • Yiyan idinku: Yiy? quartz ti ko ni anfani daradara kuro ninu idap? tungsten lati mu ipele r? p? si.
• ?w?n anfani: Giga i?edede pinpin, ko si aw?n nkan kemikali.
• ?w?n ¨¤¨¬p¨¦: Ni ifam?ra si ?rinrin (nbeere gbigb?), throughput kekere, nigbagbogbo lo nikan g?g?bi igbes? mim?.

2. Iba?ep? Kemikali: ¡°Ibi Ipenija¡± fun Aw?n Ores I?oro

Nigbati aw?n iraw? irin ba pinpin ni r??run tabi so p?kip?ki p?lu gangue (e.g., aw?n iraw? ti a fa, aw?n sulfides idiju), aw?n ?na ti ara le kuna. Iba?ep? kemikali ?e iparun aw?n ilana minerali lati fa aw?n irin, pataki nipas?:

2.1 Leaching: ¡°Iy?risi ati Ikoko¡± ti Aw?n Ioni Ir?tin

• Ilana m??t¨¤:Aw?n okuta j? w? inu aw?n olomi kemikali (asidic, alkali, tabi aw?n solusan iy?) lati fa ir?tin ti a fojusi sinu solusan leach alakoso (PLS), lati eyiti ir?tin naa ti wa ni gba (e.g., nipas? iy?kuro, nosin, tabi itujade).
• Aw?n ?k? ay?wo ti o wulo:Gold (cyanidation), fadaka, kupas (heap leaching), nickel, cobalt, ati aw?n irin refractory miiran.
• Ik?k? ?ran:
  • Cyanidation Gold: Okuta ti o ni il? ti wa ni dap? p?lu solusan cyanide; goolu ?e agbejade apap? ti o le yanju ati pe a pe ni idap? p?lu ?t? zinc (ikoj?p? ¡Ý90%). Idoti cyanide gb?d? j? i?akoso ni pataki.
  • Copper Heap Leaching: Low-grade oxide copper ore (0.2%-0.5% Cu) ni a fa omi daradara p?lu asidi sulfuric; p????b¨¤ j?? ?dod¨® ati pe a gba ??t?? r?? nipas? ikoj?p? olomi ati iwe-kik? (SX-EW) g?g?bi p????b¨¤ cathode (?na-igb¨¢ko fun ore ti o kere-didun).

2.2 Ilana Ibi-Ijoko Adayeba

• Ilana m??t¨¤:?r? ak?k? ni a n gbe ni aw?n otutu giga (300-1000¡ãC) lati yi ap?r? r? pada (e.g., ibi-i??p? oxidizing tabi reducing), ti n yipada aw?n metais refractory si iw?n ti o le yanju fun ijoko ti n b?.
• Aw?n ?k? ay?wo ti o wulo:Refractory sulfides (e.g., nickel sulfide, copper sulfide) ati aw?n ore oxide (e.g., hematite).
• Ik?k? ?ran:
  • Ibi-Ijoko Nickel Sulfide: Yipada nickel sulfide si nickel oxide, eyiti a le yanju ni r??run p?lu acid sulfuric, yago fun idiw? sulfide.
  • Ibi-Ijoko Refractory Gold Ore: Fun aw?n ore ti o ni arsenic ati carbon, ibi-i??p? removes arsenic (ti a fi agbara mu bi As?O?) ati carbon (ti o le fa gold), ti n gba laaye cyanidation ti n b?.

2.3 I??-?n¨¤ Microbial: ?na Alagbero Fun Aw?n ?ra Kere-kere

• Ilana:Di? ninu aw?n microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) ?e oxidize aw?n sulfides irin sinu aw?n iy? irin ti o ni oju, ti o fun laaye gba irin lati inu ojutu¡ªtun m? bi bioleaching.
• Aw?n ?k? ay?wo ti o wulo:Ir¨¬n copper ti o ni ipo kekere (e.g., porphyry copper), uranium, nickel, goolu (g?g? bi iranl?w? yiy? sulfur).
• ?w?n anfani: Ayika ore ni ore (ko si idoti reagent kemikali), owo kekere (microbes n ?e ?da ara w?n), to dara fun aw?n ores p?lu aw?n ipo copper ti o d¨ªn bi 0.1%-0.3%.
• ?w?n ¨¤¨¬p¨¦: Ij?risi esi sluggish (?s? si o?u), ti o ni ifaram? si iw?n otutu ati ipo ayika.
• Ohun elo ti o w?p?:Ni agbegbe 20% ti i?el?p? ?d? ti agbaye ni o wa lati ??d¨¢-?m?, g?g?bi aw?n i?? t¨®bi heap leach ni Chile.

3. I?iro Ipil? 3-Igbese fun Yan ?na I?e:

3.1 ?e itupal? Aw?n ohun-ini ?l?r?:

• Aw?n ohun alum?ni magnetiki (e.g., magnetite) ¡ú Pipin magnetiki
• Aw?n patikulu to fine p?lu iyat? hydrophobicity (e.g., aw?n ore ?d?) ¡ú Flotation
• Aw?n patikulu to´Ö p?lu iwuwo giga (e.g., wura placer, tungsten) ¡ú Pipin iwuwo

3.2 ?e ay?wo Ore Iru ati Idasil?:

• Iru ore to gaju ¡ú Ipin il? tabi mimu af?f? (iwe owo kekere)
• Iru ore ti ko gaju ¡ú I?an omi tabi sisun (ipese giga)
• Iru ore to nira pup? ¡ú Kemikali tabi bio-beneficiation

3.3 Balanci I?owo ati Iye Ayika:

• Y? ki a yan ibamu ti ara fun lilo agbara kekere ati idoti to kere ju
• Lo aw?n ?na kemikali tabi bio nikan nigba ti aw?n ?na ti ara ko ba munadoko, ti o nwo iye ati ipa ayika