Summary: ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????, ???? ?? ?????????, ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??????
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ??: Which beneficiation method should I use—froth flotation or gravity separation?
????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???; ???? ???粒? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?????粒? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? (OpEx) ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ????? ????, ????, ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???
????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???? ?????, ????, ?? ?????) ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???
???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????-???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???
???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????
?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????
1.1 ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???
??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????? (SG) ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???
???? ??? ???? ??: ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????? ????) ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????
????: ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
????? ??? ?? ?????: ?????, ????? ??????, ?????? ??????????, ????????? (????? ???? ?? ???)
??????? ??????: ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???
1.2 ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???
????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???
???? ??? ???? ??: ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? (????????? ?? ????????) ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??.bound ???? ???, ????? ?? ??-?????? (????????????) ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??-????? (????????????) ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???
????? ??? ?? ?????: ?????? ???? ???????? (???????? ?? ???? ?????), ????????? ????, ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
????? ????????: ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????
2. ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????
| ??????? | ?????? ???????? | ????? ???????? |
|---|---|---|
| ?????? ???????? | ????? ??????? (????? ?????) | ??? ????? ??????? (??????????????) |
| ?????? ???? ???? | ??? ?? ???? (150 ???? ?? 0.05 ????) | ???????-???? (0.1 ???? ?? 0.01 ????) |
| ??????? ???? (OpEx) | ?????? ?? (?????????????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????) | ???? (????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??) |
| ?????????? ?????? | ?????? (???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??) | ???? (???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??) |
| ?????? ???? | ??????/????? ????, ???? ?????, ?????, ???????, ???, ???? ??? | ??????? ????? (?????, ????, ?????, ????), ????????? ?????? |
3. ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
3.1 ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??
| ????? ?????? | ?????? ???? | ????????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? |
|---|---|---|
| ?????? ???? | ??? ?????? | ???/????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? |
| ????? ??? ???? (????) | ??? ?????? | ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? |
| ??? | ?????????? | Very high density (6.8–7.1 g/cm³) |
| ???????? | ??????, ???????????? | ???? ????? ???? ???? |
| ???? ??? | ?????????, ???????, ?????? | ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? |
| ???????? | ???????? | ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? |
| ???? ?? (????) | ????????, ?????????? | ??? ???? ?? ??????? |
| ????? | ?????? ????? | ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? |
????? ????: ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? 1.5 ??????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????
3.2 ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??
| ????? ?????? | ?????? ???? | ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? ???? | ?????????????, ????????, ?????????? | ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? |
| ????-????? ???? | ??????, ????????? | ????? ???? ??????????? |
| ???? (????, ???????-???????) | ??? ??????, ??????? | ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? |
| Nickel ?????? | ??????????? | ??????? ???????? |
| ?????????? | ???????????? | ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? |
| ???? ???????? ???? | ??????? ????????? | ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? |
| ???????-??????? ???? | ??? ?? ???? <0.1???? | ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? |
| ??????? ???? (???) | ???????, ???????? | ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? |
????? ????: ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? (0.1 ???? ?? ??) ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???
4. ????????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????
?? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???
| ?? ???? ?????? | ?????? ???????? | ????? ???????? |
|---|---|---|
| ???? (>2 ????) | ? ???????? | ? Poor – particles too heavy for bubbles |
| Medium (0.1–2 mm) | ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? | ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? |
| Fine (0.01–0.1 mm) | ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? | ? ???????? |
| ??????? ???? (<0.01 ????) | ? ???? ???? | ?? ??? ?? ???? (????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??) |
?????????? ??????:
- ??? ???? ????? 0.1 ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??, ?? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???
- ??? ?????????? ?? ??? 0.1 ???? ?? ?? grinding ?????? ??, ?? flotation ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???
5. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
5.1 ????? ????? (??????? 100 ?????? ???????)
| ???? ?????? | ???????? ?????? | ???????? ??????? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? ??????? | $150,000 – 300,000 | $300,000 – 600,000 |
| ???????/????? ????? | $50,000 – 100,000 | $100,000 – 200,000 |
| ?????? ?????? ??????? | ?????? ???? | $50,000 – 100,000 |
| ??????/????? ???? | ?????? | $100,000 – 250,000 |
| ??? ????? | $200,000 – 400,000 | $550,000 – 1,150,000 |
Gravity separation typically costs 2-3× less in capital investment.
5.2 ????? ?? ??????? ????: ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????
| ???? ??? | ???????? ?????? | ???????? ??????? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? | $0.15 – 0.30 | $0.30 – 0.60 |
| ???????? ???????? | $0 – 0.10 (water only) | $0.50 – 2.00 |
| ?????? ?????? | $0.05 – 0.15 | $0.10 – 0.30 |
| ???? | $0.10 – 0.20 | $0.15 – 0.30 |
| ???? ????? | $0.02 – 0.05 | $0.10 – 0.30 |
| ??? ??????? ???? | $0.32 – 0.80 | $1.15 – 3.50 |
Gravity separation operating costs are typically 2-4× lower than flotation.
6. ?????? ?? ?????????? ????
?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
????? ?? ????? (????? ????)
???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? (????? 75 ???????? ?? ??), ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ?????- ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???
???????? ?????? ?? ????????
????? ???????, ????? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ????????????, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??, ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???, ????? ?????????? ??????????? exponentially ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????????-???????? ??????
?????? ???? ?????? ???, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? + ???????? ???????? ???????
??? ?? ???? ??? ???? "????? ??????" ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????
???? ???????????:
- ????? ????????: ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? (?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? 40-60% ?? ???? ??)?
- ????????? ????????: The remaining tailings—which now only contain the microscopic, hard-to-catch gold—are sent to the flotation cells.
????, гру coarse ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
?????? 1: ???? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???
A: Yes. Gravity separation typically has 2-4× lower capital and operating costs than flotation. No reagents, simpler equipment, and less energy consumption.
?????? 2: ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
?: ????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? 0.2-0.3 ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???
Q3: ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???
?: ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????? 0.1 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???
?????? 4: ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???
?: ????????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? "??? ?? ?????" ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???
?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????
- ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? (????, ???, ???????, ????????)
- ?????? ???? ?????? (>0.1 ????) ?? ???? ??
- ???? ?? ?? ????, ???, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???
- ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???
?? ?? ????? ????? ????????:
- ???? ????? ???????????? ?? (<0.1 mm)
- ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? (?????, ????, ?????, ?????)
- ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???
- ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???
?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????:
- ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? (???? ?? ????? ??? ???????)
- ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? (????? 95% ?? ???? ????)?
????? ????????: Start with thorough ore characterization. Test for mineralogy, liberation size, and density differences. Then select the method—or combination—that optimizes recovery, cost, and environmental performance for your specific deposit.
???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????
?????? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???:
- ???? ???? ?? ????? ????
- ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????
- ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????
- ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??:????? ????????? ????? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ????
????? ?????