Summary: ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? ??? ??????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??: Which beneficiation method should I use—froth flotation or gravity separation?
?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? '?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???-??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??; ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??, ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???
???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? '?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (OpEx) ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????, ????, ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? '?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? энергии ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??, ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???-???, ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????) ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???
??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???
?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???
??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????
?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??, ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???
1.1 ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???
???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? (SG) ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???
?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??: ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? (???? ??? ????), ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???
???: ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???, ??? ???????????? ???-??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????
????? ????? ???: ????, ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? (???? ???? ??)
??? ????: ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
1.2 ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???
???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? '?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? '?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??: ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (??????? ??? ???????) ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????????? (???? ?? ???? ????) ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? (???? ?? ???? ???? ????) ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????
????? ????? ???: ??????? ??????? (??????? ??? ?????? ??????), ??????? ????, ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??
???? ???????: ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
2. ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???
| ????????? | ???????? ????? | ????? ???????? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? ??? ?? ?????? | ??????? ??? (????? ? | ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ????) |
| ?????? ????? ?? ???? | ???? ??? ????? (150 mm ??? 0.05 mm) | ???????-??? (0.1 ??.??. ??? 0.01 ??.??.) |
| ???? ??? (?????) | ??? ??? ??? (???????, ????, ??? ??? ????? '?? ?????) | ??? (??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???-???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??) |
| ??????? ?????? | ???? ??? (??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??) | ???? (? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??) |
| ???? ???? | ?????/?????? ????, ???? ?? ????, ?????, ??????, ???, ????? ????? | ?????? ???? (?????, ????, ?????, ????)?? ??????? ???? |
3. ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????
3.1 ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??
| ????? ?? ???? | ???? ???? | ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? ???? | ??? ???? | ???/???? ??? ??? ??Density ???? |
| ???? ??? ???? (????) | ??? ???? | ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? |
| ??? | ????????? | Very high density (6.8–7.1 g/cm³) |
| ?????? | ??????, ?????????? | ??? ???? ???? ?????? |
| ?????? ??? | ????????, ??????, ?????? | ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? |
| ??????? | ??????? | ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? |
| ???? ??? (????) | ????????, ??????? | ??? ???? ?????? |
| ????? | ???? ???? | ???-???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? |
???? ????: ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????-??? 1.5 ????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???
3.2 ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??
| ????? ?? ???? | ???? ???? | ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? ?? ???? | ??????????, ???????, ??????? | ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? |
| ???-????? ????? | ??????, ????????? | ????????? ???????? ?????????? |
| ???? (?????, ??????-???????) | ??? ?????, ?????? | ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? |
| ????? ???? | ????????? | ??????? ???????? |
| ????????? | ??????????? | ????Experimental?? ????? ??? ???? ??? |
| ???? ??? Morton???? ????? | ?? ???????? | ??????? ??? '?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? |
| ???? ?????? ????? | ???? ?? ???? <0.1mm | ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? |
| ?????? ????? (???) | ????????, ??????? | ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? |
???? ????: ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? (0.1 ???? ??? ???) ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??, ??? ???????? ?????? ??? '?? ??????? ????? ???
4. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????
???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???
| ????? ???? ??????? | ???????? ????? | ????? ???????? |
|---|---|---|
| ??? (>2 ?????????) | ? ??????? | ? Poor – particles too heavy for bubbles |
| Medium (0.1–2 mm) | ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? | ? ??? ??? ??? ???? |
| Fine (0.01–0.1 mm) | ?? ???afi ??? ?????? | ? ??????? |
| ??? ????? (?.?? ??.??) | ? ???? ????? | ?? ????? ??? ????? (???? ?????? ?? ??? ??) |
????????? ??????? ???:
- ?? ?????? ???? 0.1 ??.?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????-??????? ????? ????? ???
- ?? ????? ?? 0.1 mm ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???
5.????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????
5.1 ??????? ?????? (??????? 100 ?? ????? ???? ?????)
| ???? ??????? | ???????? ????? | ??? ?????? |
|---|---|---|
| ????-????? ?????? | $150,000 – 300,000 | $300,000 – 600,000 |
| ??????????/?????? ??? | $50,000 – 100,000 | $100,000 – 200,000 |
| ??????? ????? | ?????? ???? | $50,000 – 100,000 |
| ?????????/????? | ??????? | $100,000 – 250,000 |
| ???? ??? | $200,000 – 400,000 | $550,000 – 1,150,000 |
Gravity separation typically costs 2-3× less in capital investment.
5.2 ?? ????? ??????? ????: ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????
| ???? ??? | ???????? ????? | ??? ?????? |
|---|---|---|
| ?????????? | $0.15 – 0.30 | $0.30 – 0.60 |
| ?????? | $0 – 0.10 (water only) | $0.50 – 2.00 |
| ????? ???? ??? | $0.05 – 0.15 | $0.10 – 0.30 |
| ??????? | $0.10 – 0.20 | $0.15 – 0.30 |
| ???? ?? ?????????? | $0.02 – 0.05 | $0.10 – 0.30 |
| ???? ????? | $0.32 – 0.80 | $1.15 – 3.50 |
Gravity separation operating costs are typically 2-4× lower than flotation.
6. ???? ??? ???????? ????
???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???
???? ???? ?????? (???? ?? ????)
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? (???? 75 ???????? ??? ???), ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ????-??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????
???? ????? ???????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ??? ???????? '?? ????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? '?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??, ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???
7. ???? ???????-???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??
?????? ???? ???????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? '?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? + ???????? ???????? ????? ???
???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? "????? ????" ??? ???-?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???
??????? ??????:
- ????? ????????: ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? (???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? 40-60%).
- ????? ???? The remaining tailings—which now only contain the microscopic, hard-to-catch gold—are sent to the flotation cells.
????, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??, ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??, ??? ???-??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????
?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????
???? 1: ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???
A: Yes. Gravity separation typically has 2-4× lower capital and operating costs than flotation. No reagents, simpler equipment, and less energy consumption.
?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
A: ???-?????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? 0.2-0.3 ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???
?????? 3: ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
?: ?????-??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? 0.1 ??.?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???
????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???
A: ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? "????" ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???
???? ?????? ?????? ????:
- ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? (????, ???, ??????, ????????)
- ????? ?????? ?????? '?? ????? ?? (>0.1 ??.??.)
- ??????? ??? ??? ????, ????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???
- ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??
???? ???? ???????? ????:
- ?????? ????? ????-???? (<0.1 ????) ???
- ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? (?????, ????, ????, ????)
- ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???-??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???
- ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???
???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????:
- ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? (????? ???? ?? ????? ????)
- ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? (???? 95% ??? ?? ??? ???)
???? ?????: Start with thorough ore characterization. Test for mineralogy, liberation size, and density differences. Then select the method—or combination—that optimizes recovery, cost, and environmental performance for your specific deposit.
?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???
??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??:
- ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???
- ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???
- ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???
- ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????
??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???
????? ?????? ???
????? ????